Diabetes Type 1
In type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy should be given either by daily injections or an insulin pump.

Diabetes Type 2
In type-2 diabetes can often get a good blood sugar level by changing their eating and exercise habits. After a while, you often need to insert the tablets for that after several more years complete with insulin. The treatment is individually adapted and can vary greatly from person to person.

In type 2 diabetes, it is common that in addition to treatment for their blood sugar also need treatment for hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Living with diabetes

• Type 1 diabetes is a disease, what we know today, not preventable. This applies to balance food, exercise and insulin doses in order to feel good. The advice about food and physical activity are similar to those given in type 2 diabetes. Dietary advice also applies to the general population.
• In the case of type 2 diabetes, it is important to exercise and to weigh normal. If you are overweight, it helps if you can try to lose weight.

Exercise is important. Any form of physical activity is positive and lower blood sugar. Try to move around regularly, for example, by walking 30 minutes a day. For fitness, you also need exercise for 60 minutes two to three times a week.

Blood sugar tests
If you have diabetes has the right, without cost to get a blood glucose meter and other materials needed for you to test your blood sugar at home. Diabetes nurse, district nurse or the doctor writes out the facilities needed.
Your healthcare provider will give you training on how blood tests can be an aid in your self, how test results should be interpreted and how you can affect your blood sugar.

Food councils in diabetes:

• Distribute the goals evenly over the day and eat at regular times.
• Eat according to the plate model.
• Eat the right kind of fat in the right amounts.
• Choose foods high in fiber.
• Eat less of foods and drinks high in sugar.

Diabetes and Sexuality
Sexuality can be influenced. Diabetes mellitus damages the long term many body organs, including the nerves to the genitals. The man can not achieve the same manner as before. The formation of sperm and ejaculation can be affected by nerve damage. The ability to achieve orgasm usually but not affected.
Diabetes also increases women’s risk of having sexual problems. Nerve damage results in lower function of the vagina. Blood glucose also appears to play an important role, both for high and low levels can cause problems such as clitoral erection (rigid clitoris), lubrication (moisture) and sexual desire.
Vaginal dryness is more common when you have diabetes, which can cause pain during intercourse. To facilitate lubrication can be employed.
Women with diabetes may also help treat fungal infections of the vagina and urinary tract infections.

Emergency care in diabetes – advice for relatives
Hypoglycaemia or insulin coma, only people who get treated with hypoglycaemic medication tablets or insulin.

Hypoglycaemia – low blood sugar, less than 3.5 millimoles
The hypo can the patient become pale, shaky, sweaty, confused and often dizziness. Make sure he or she can swallow. Give to something sweet to eat or drink. Pure glucose raises blood sugar quickly, but if there is to take what is available that is sweet.

Insulin Coma – blood sugar has dropped to about 1 mmol / l
The patient then is unconscious and you must not give anything to eat or drink. Place person on side in stable side position so that the airways are free.

The paramedics provide a sugar solution directly into the blood, which usually causes the person to wake up very quickly.

It could be a security, particularly for people who have type-1 diabetes, to have a syringe of the hormone glucagons. An injection raises blood sugar and can be given by the relative or other person with information on how to use it. Glucagons may be prescribed by the physician.

Acid-eclampsia – high blood sugar
For acid poisoning has been the sick one for high blood sugar levels and risk of becoming dehydrated and unconscious from the body’s insulin deficiency. The signs are nausea, vomiting and often abdominal pain. The person also has in most cases an acetone odor of breath.

It can sometimes be difficult to know if the reason for the person with diabetes is unwell is high or low blood sugar. The simplest is to test blood sugar with a glucose meter. If it is not possible to control blood sugar, it is never wrong to give the same treatment as the hypo – even if blood sugar is too high. The sugar raises blood sugar levels only slightly if you have high blood sugar, but also increase sufficiently to normalize blood sugar at a hypo.

Insulin should never be given by another person without medical prescription.

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Diabetes comes in different forms. The most common are:
Diabetes Type-2, which usually breaks out in adulthood and is caused by not having the ability to produce enough insulin. It has a high heritability.

Diabetes Type-1, usually begins in childhood and adolescence, and because the antibodies destroy the cells that produce insulin. Have low heritability.

Gestational diabetes, which is caused by the pregnancy, is not able to produce enough insulin. If you had gestational diabetes, you also have an increased risk of developing diabetes later in life.

Insulin is produced in the pancreas and needed to transport blood sugar into body cells.
Diabetes can be determined by blood tests. If you are on two occasions, on an empty stomach, have blood glucose equal to or greater than 7.0 millimoles per liter (mmol / l), you are diagnosed with diabetes. For people who do not have diabetes is blood sugar under 5.6 millimoles per liter on an empty stomach. The range between 5.6 to 6.9 millimoles per liter, which is called impaired glucose tolerance, sugar. If you have impaired glucose tolerance, that means you have the risk of developing diabetes later on. The Council for those who have impaired glucose tolerance to exercise and be physically active and lose weight if you are overweight.

If you have high blood sugar over time can damage your blood vessels. This can include causing a heart attack, stroke or injury to the eyes and kidneys. You can also have changes in various neural functions, which, among other things can affect the sexual function and sensation in the feet.

Diabetes was formerly called diabetes, which is not a proper name.

Symptoms of diabetes
Classic signs of diabetes are:

• increased fatigue
• that you often feel thirsty
• that urinating a lot
• to lose weight.

Diabetes Type 2
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are weak. Therefore, it can have the disease without being aware of it. Most people have no symptoms. The disease is often discovered at a health check or in conjunction with other sampling.

Diabetes Type 1
Type 1 diabetes to get more acute with the apparent symptoms.

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is determined by blood samples obtained at the controls at the antenatal clinic.

For those who have diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and pregnant
Today the breed, most women with diabetes, a healthy child. To you and your child should feel as good as possible, you should have normal blood sugar levels. Blood glucose values are important from the very beginning of pregnancy. This means that it is good to plan your pregnancy if you have diabetes.

When diabetes is a slightly increased risk of birth defects and the risk of increased growth in the child. If your blood sugar level is kept normal minimized risks. Individual high or low values will not harm the baby. It is important to eat good food at regular times; you take the right dose of insulin and that you regularly on the move. When you reach this goal easier.

If you have type 2 diabetes treated with tablets you may need to switch to insulin. Some pills are not safe to use during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, insulin requirements significantly. You therefore need to increase the amount of insulin gradually; a doubling or more are not uncommon.

The first time your blood sugar to swing extra, so frequent blood sugar monitoring and insulin adjustments may be necessary. Feel free to experiment and consult simultaneously with the doctor and midwife.

If you are planning to become pregnant or are pregnant, talk to your diabetes healthcare professional and for you to get the support you need to get to such a good blood sugar as possible but also that the tests all pregnant women are offered and those are specific for diabetes is performed.

Several hospitals have specialist maternity care where pregnant women with diabetes go to their controls.

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Cell changes of the cervix caused by a HPV (Human papilloma viruses), which are transmitted sexually. There are more than 40 types of HPV that infect the lining of the abdomen. Some types of HPV cause warts in the genital area, called genital warts. The types of HPV do not cause cervical cancer.

HPV is the world’s most common sexually transmitted infection. The risk of becoming infected at some point in life is estimated at between 50 and 80 percent. The risk is greater if you have had multiple sexual partners. In the vast majority heal HPV infection itself out. Approximately ten percent, however, will develop a chronic viral infection and then risk getting stronger cellular changes or, rarely, cervical cancer. Smoking increases the risk for chronic HPV infection, cytological abnormalities and cervical cancer.

Most women who develop cervical cancer have left smears regularly. Regular screening tests means that the precursors, abnormal cells, can be detected in time and treated by a simple operation.

Symptoms of cellular changes
Cell changes have no symptoms or discomfort. They can not be detected during a regular gynecological exam, but only by a Pap smear.

Preventing cell changes
Since HPV is transmitted sexually providing condoms offer some protection if used properly. Infection opportunity may lie far back in time when the lesion is detected.
The most important preventive measure today is the gynecological smear taking. Women between 23-50 years are called every three years and then every five years until age 60.
That you stop calling for testing at age 60 because women who have had normal smears throughout life, until, at very little risk of developing cervical cancer.

Vaccine
There are currently two vaccines, as if they are given before sex, protects against two common types of HPV – HPV 16 and 18 – that cause 70 percent of the cellular changes that can develop into cervical cancer. One of the vaccines provides protection against HPV 6 and 11 that cause genital warts.

Important!
It is extremely important to continue to go on Pap smear checks even if you are vaccinated. The vaccine does not protect against the types of HPV that cause the other, about 30 percent of cervical cancers.

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The number of new cases of bladder cancer is increasing steadily. Of those who fall ill is 75 percent men and the disease is most common in older people. There is a clear link between smoking and bladder cancer, but smoking is not the only cause. Studies have shown that certain chemicals in industry may increase the risk of disease in those exposed to them in their work environment.

The urinary tract mucosa has the same all the way from the renal pelvis, down through the ureters into the bladder and urethra. Tumors can arise in the system, but it is most common tumors of the bladder. Next to the prostate cancer is bladder cancer the most common form of cancer of the urinary tract.

Symptoms
The most common and important symptom of bladder cancer is blood in the urine. Other symptoms may include having to urinate often, it hurts when urinating, or that the pain above the pubic bone. The symptoms are similar to those we have at a urinary tract infection.

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Operation
It is unclear whether borderline tumors can eventually develop into ovarian cancer, or if it’s a completely different disease. Borderline tumors are often malignant and have a good prognosis. Most cases of borderline tumors treated only surgically. If the woman wishes to preserve its ability to bear children, it can sometimes be enough to only the affected ovary is removed.

Patients with suspected ovarian cancer should always be operated on. The aim of surgery is to confirm the diagnosis and to see if the cancer has spread. The operation takes one, if possible, including the ovaries and uterus removed.

Aftercare
After the surgery is usually required further treatment in the form of chemotherapy. This treatment is given kurvis for about five months.

If you remove only one ovary and are of childbearing age is still a good chance of becoming pregnant.

Women who have had their ovaries removed in menopause unless they have already passed this stage.

For some women the loss of the uterus and ovaries, together with the knowledge that they can not bear children, a great sadness. For some it becomes a life crisis. Most people recover, however, a good quality of life. Some choose to adopt.

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Ovarian cancer is most common among women of 60-70 years, but the spread is large and the disease also occurs in younger people.

The cause of ovarian cancer is unclear. The number of ovulations during a woman’s lifetime considered significant. Women who had their first menstruation late or coming in early menopause, and women who have given birth too many children, have a reduced risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer has an insidious course. The first signs that something is wrong can be larger stomach and diffuse abdominal discomfort such as nausea and pain. You may also have frequent urination because the urinary bladder is exposed to an increased pressure. If the pressure instead lies against the intestine, you may have a bowel movement more often than usual.

It is important to remember that even benign cysts can cause similar symptoms with a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen and pain in the abdomen.
Due to the weakening symptoms ovarian cancer is often detected late. The key is to take the symptoms seriously and to undergo a gynecological examination at uncertain upset stomach.

Ovarian cancer can spread to the other ovary, uterus, fallopian tubes, peritoneum of the pelvis and then to other organs. Cancer cells can also be via lymph and blood to spread to other parts of the body.

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Sometimes laparoscopic surgery, the so-called laparoscopy, in order to remove the large bowel. Studies show that patients recover faster after laparoscopic surgery than after traditional surgery, which is a very major surgery.

If the cancer is very far down in the rectal sphincter is removed and then made the same time a stoma surgery. In women sometimes the cancer grows toward the vagina and then it may be necessary to remove the back of the vagina with the rectum. If the cancer is locally in the intestinal mucosa and is removed in surgery, the risk of relapse is very low.

In case of surgery of rectal cancer can sometimes be difficult surgery to remove all the cancer cells. This situation encourages the introduction of these operations strailbehandla tumor to reduce the risk of relapse. Radiotherapy damage cancer cells and reduce tumor extent.

Radiation therapy, sometimes in combination with chemotherapy (chemo), can also be used to shrink the tumor before it is removed. Thus, one can achieve a more precise operation.

To further reduce the risk of relapse is sometimes used chemotherapy after surgery. The use of cytotoxic drugs depends on the type of tumor involved and in which the stage is located. An individual assessment is always done.

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There are great similarities between colon cancer and cancer of the rectum. The medical term is common: colorectal cancer. The colon does colon and rectum.

The colon is part of the digestive tract, where the food we eat is broken down into nutrients that the body can assimilate. Gastro-intestinal tract beginning with the mouth and continues with the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum and ending with the anal opening.

The causes of cancer of the colon or rectum are not completely known, but studies show that genetic factors play a certain role. There is also strong evidence that diet and lifestyle influence the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

There are certain intestinal disorders that increase the risk of colon cancer, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. These diseases cause inflammation of the intestine and then formed an unusually large number of new cells. This inflammatory growth of cells may increase cancer risk.

Colon and rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Sweden. Colon cancer is more common among women, while rectal cancer is more common among men. About half of all those who get bowel cancer are aged over 75 years.

The most important measure to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer is to detect the disease at an early stage.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer
Colon and rectal cancer usually give vague symptoms. The first sign may be the need to go to the toilet more often or less often than before. This may include diarrhea or constipation that does not go away. Blood and / or mucus in the stools, and pain during bowel movements, can be symptoms of cancer. Anemia, fatigue and weight loss may also be signs.

All these symptoms must be investigated, especially if they are new and you do not know them already. The symptoms can have causes other than cancer of the colon or rectum. For example, the pocket formations in the intestine, inflammation or hemorrhoids produce similar symptoms.

In approximately 20 percent of those with colon cancer is detected the tumor in acute visits for bowel obstruction, hemorrhage or bowel is ruptured.

Prevention of colorectal cancer
The causes of colorectal cancer are not fully known, and it is therefore difficult to give advice on prevention. New studies show that our eating habits influence the risk of developing gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer.

The best advice we can give today is to eat lots of fruits and vegetables, preferably several times a day. High-fiber foods are also good for us and are likely to prevent many diseases, including cancer. Daily exercise also has a preventive effect.

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Cause
Hudsvampar thrive in the heat and moisture. Topic Fungi present in the environment and infection can occur either from humans or from animals. The infection may also be indirect, for example, from moist environments such as swimming pools. Yeast Candida is normally presents on the skin and the mucous membranes without giving problems, but can cause infection, for example imbalance in the skin or a weakened immune system (eg diabetes). Although the yeast Malassezia occur naturally on the skin, but in some individuals have either dandruff eczema or rash on the chest (pityriasis versicolor).

Diagnosis
Wire Thrush usually detected by culture (approximately 1 month) of skin or nail scraping. The yeast infection should you rely on the typical appearance of the rash, cultures can be misleading.
There are a host of other skin diseases that can be misinterpreted as fungi, including psoriasis at the rash on the nails, hands, feet and scalp.

Symptoms
There are a variety of types of reaction at fungal infections.
Topic Fungal Infections usually begin between the 4th and 5th toe, may be disseminated to other fothuden and hands. Hairbottentinea often affects children (otherwise relatively rare filamentous fungus infections in children) in the epidemic, with infection usually from abroad. Ringworm is a very over diagnostic disorder, where the infection requires close contact with animals (usually cows or guinea pig) – psoriasis and eczema has also been rounded rash and is very common.
Candida is common in the oral cavity, the vagina in females and in skin folds (eg, under the breast). Malassezia give either dandruff eczema in adulthood (scalp, eyebrows, naisvinklarna) or pityriasis versicolor in young adults (light or brown rash on the chest or back page).

Treatment
When yeast infections should be excluded lowered immunity (such as in diabetes) as the cause of the ruling. For most fungal infections is important to avoid heat and moisture. Non-prescription topical antifungal agents from the pharmacy help to many fungi causing rashes. Nail fungus, like the scalp fungus, requires prescription antifungal in tablet form.

Prediction
You can usually treat the off angle for the moment, but it often returns because the underlying causes are not always easy to eliminate.
Topic Fungal infections often recur in incidentally completely healthy individuals, except possibly scalp fungus in children. Nail fungus on toes is difficult to treat, and half remain or have returned after a year. Dandruff Eczema is a long-standing eczema, where you may discuss the ruling with fungicides in combination with weak cortisone creams. Pityriasis versicolor is very difficult to treat, but rash usually heal spontaneously after a few years.

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Symptoms
Rosacea like acne, but occurs only in adults, and patients do not have blackheads. Usually there is a diffuse redness and small blood vessels in the affected areas, which over time can form bumps and pustules (containing no bacteria). Although swelling of the example Nose occurs, above all in men. Not infrequently, the rash can be combined with different types of ocular inflammation.

Often, a deterioration provoked by sun, heat, cold, wind, hot spices, hot drinks, alcohol, stress or various irritating chemicals on the skin (sometimes even ordinary creams). This is however not for all people with rosacea. Cortisone creams stronger than hydrocortisone should always be avoided in the face, as well as “excessive” exposure to the sun, as this impairs the disease.
Rosacea usually appears alternately by months of worsening periods and more or less trouble-free periods.

Treatment
There are no good non-prescription medicines to treat rosacea. You can not cure the disease, only alleviate the moment. This relief can sometimes be lengthy.
Modern treatment is often based on specific topical use 1-2 times / day containing metronidazole, an antibiotic. A more recent alternative to this could be a gel, and metronidazole are effective on inflammation in the skin, but which is not an antibiotic.
If this does not usually treated with antibiotics in pill form, known as tetracyclines. Why do Antibiotics help with rosacea, although there is no special rosacea bacteria, are not completely known but is attributed to some antibiotics are effective against inflammation (swelling) in the skin. It often takes a month before the effect begins to be enough and then you continue reading in the lowest possible dose until healing occurs (weeks to months). For long-term effect, it is important not to conclude with rosacea treatment early. Tetracycline is usually also help with eye symptoms. There is a newer tetracycline, which is a lagdostetracyklin without antibiotic effect (and thus rare side effects from the stomach or abdomen) but with equally good rosacea effect as other tetracyclines, it is not included in the drug benefit.
The treatment above is primarily effective against papules and pustules, although redness can be alleviated with time. The troublesome flushing, which is not otherwise disappear, you can try different types of laser, specifically developed to treat blood vessels. Ev. thickening of the skin of the nose can be treated effectively with surgical treatment (surgery or laser).

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