The extent and severity of effects produced by a drug depends on the age of the fetus, the power and the dosage of the drug.
Doctors are trying to minimize the prescription of drugs.
Indeed, we still remember the dramatic consequences of thalidomide, a sedative light given to some women in the 50 and 60.
Many of these women gave birth to babies with missing limbs and malformed.
Naturally, some conditions require medical treatment because the effects of the disease could be even more severe than those of the drug.

This is the case of women with epilepsy who should be administered anticonvulsants.
Anticonvulsants carry a risk of malformation of the palate and cleft lip.
In general, avoid benzodiazepines, antibiotics of the tetracycline and chloramphenicol that result in disorders of the dentition.
Synthetic hormones such as progesterone and estrogen are associated with an increased risk of birth defects if taken during the first quarter.
Amphetamines and certain cancer can also cause birth defects.
The vitamin A in high doses is teratogenic.

Therefore, avoid medicines containing them.
Most prescription drugs should be avoided during pregnancy.
Aspirin or vitamins are also dangerous.
Aspirin for action anticoagulant that can cause bleeding.
It also inhibits prostaglandins, hormones that play a role in maintaining pregnancy.

What are the precautions?
Early in pregnancy, consult a physician if medication being asks what the action to take is.
During pregnancy, one must consider that any drug can have an adverse effect on the fetus and not take it unless your doctor has prescribed.
To the extent that we do not know the exact effect of many drugs it is better to stop all taken before pregnancy.
This is particularly true for vitamin A supplements that are stored in the body and can affect even after shutdown.
The breastfeeding also requires close monitoring of medication.
A pregnant woman should always seek medical advice before taking any medicines, even those sold without a prescription such as vitamins, laxatives, cough syrup, medicine against colds, creams.

Care is still
The instructions contained in the boxes of drugs often leads to no prudence, in the absence of evidence.
This means that a neither adverse action nor safety have been proven to the fetus.
The doctor, however, is authorized to prescribe this product to a pregnant woman when it deems necessary.
He must then follow the instructions recognized and usual doses.
It can be pregnant and heal normally.

Advice
It is essential to avoid any self-medication during pregnancy, even with prescription drugs.

Always consult your doctor in case of trouble without him hide a pregnancy, even beginner: bad side effects of drugs are particularly dramatic in the first months.

It can take 20 or 30 years back to assess the toxicity of a drug on pregnancy.
This explains the cautious instructions for use, but does not prohibit the prescription justified.

Few homeopathic or herbal remedies are against-indicated during pregnancy.

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The first act in all types of psychosis,while the latter are for depression.
These remedies are three types of effects.
They act first against the psychosis itself.
This action occurs very gradually, it takes at least 4 weeks to be able to see.

They also have an effect sedative fast calming agitation and excitement, and finally they are tranquilizers.
The doses vary greatly depending on individual sensitivity.
The doctor begins always prescribe low doses and then gradually increased if necessary.
These drugs are generally taken at bedtime, as they tend to provide a state of drowsiness.
We can not stop treatment suddenly doses should be reduced gradually; a sudden interruption may cause a violent resurgence of symptoms.
These drugs are administered as tablets or injections.

Action of neuroleptics
They act on the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain to rebalance brain activity.
Neuroleptics block the reception at the nerve endings, and the pulses can not be transmitted.
We must come to block about 50% of pulses for the drug is effective.
Neuroleptics block receptors mainly dopamine and norepinephrine .

Side Effects
Neuroleptics frequently produce physical agitation, and muscle stiffness.
One can counteract some of these side effects with other drugs.
When a patient is being treated for a long time, it has sometimes tardive dyskinesia, impaired motor coordination manifested by involuntary movements, tics of language and face.
This is a major drawback of receptor blocking nerve endings.
This type of side effect can not be removed by other medicines.

In severe cases, the tics persist throughout life.
Taking high doses of neuroleptics may make you fat.
There is also a breast development and even production of milk: the dopamine receptors of the pituitary gland are blocked by drugs.
This gland starts to secrete a hormone that acts on the mammary glands, as in pregnancy.
Other side effects were reported summers rash, effects on the liver.

Evolution likely
Neuroleptics were discovered less than a half century and provided a comfortable life in patients previously sentenced to confinement.
The chemical mechanisms of disorders of mental functioning are subject to expedited discovery.
New classes of drugs should emerge in the coming years.
They act directly on the chemical disorder rather than the symptoms as do neuroleptics.

Attention
We must never, ever change the dose without medical advice!
Neuroleptics decrease reflexes, so it is preferable not to drive under the influence of these drugs.

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That warning will be presented in a black box. Box in the U.S., the symbol of danger more alert when it comes to drugs and medications.

The drugs of this type are highly used in the U.S., where only last year the doctors prescribed more than 31 million prescriptions for purchase. This means, according to estimates that 10 percent of all children ten years taking medicine to treat attention deficit disorder.

Logically, with so many consumers, the production of these drugs is a great and good business. One who generates 3,100 million per year (U.S. only) according to IMS Health, a pharmaceutical information company?

For expert committee, which works with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is being made use of the drugs is completely exaggerated. More so when these drugs stimulate the nervous system and can therefore double the risk of heart problems.

And in fact, an FDA report shows that 25 people, mostly children, died after ingesting any of these drugs.

But beware, that though we have only spoken of the American reality, these drugs are very popular in many parts of the world. In Spain for example, is the only drug Ritalin used for attention deficit and those same pills methylphenidate, are in Latin America under the name Ritalin or Ritalin.

Lawrence Smith (who lost her son, Matthew, it seems, by the side effects of these drugs) is one of the greatest enemies of drugs to treat attention deficit disorder. And he has led the protests against it.

The truth is that their protests have won some battles. One of his achievements has been that the U.S. Congress prohibits schools require children with problems focusing to take these pills. Because in this country, many school districts decide which students need or medication, to avoid children to become a distraction to the class, and threatening parents who refuse to supply them with small cast that does not take being indicated.

Anyway, about the black box warnings about the dangers of these drugs, there is still no great certainty. It is unclear that the ads actually get the pill bottles. The FDA (which was surprised by the conclusion of independent experts) has not, although it usually does, the obligation to follow the advice of the committee.

Thomas Laughren, director of the Department of Psychiatry Products at the FDA, now ruled by a change in medication labels as requested by the committee. “I do not think we should do anything different now,” Laughren told reporters.

For its part, the pharmaceutical company Shire, which makes Adderall, said in a statement that “an unprecedented action would include something in a black box without sufficient information” about its risks. And asked not to overlook the benefits of using the drug, which is an amphetamine. He recalled that adults with attention deficit are more likely than the general population to be arrested, divorced and changed jobs frequently.

At which point Lughren Thomas agreed: “I think it’s important not to minimize the benefits of these drugs.” It is therefore possible that the FDA commissioned studies to confirm the dangers they are exposed as the user of the drug named before order to include a black box on their packaging.

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In type II diabetes, the most common, and appears especially in adulthood, the body produces the insulin but can not use it properly.

In type I diabetes, which often occurs before 30 years, the pancreas stops producing insulin, the hormone necessary for metabolism glucose and other carbohydrates.
There are two main types of diabetes: insulin, used to treat type I diabetes, and oral hypoglycemic agents, used in type II diabetes.

Type II diabetics may need insulin therapy exceptionally, when hypoglycemic are not sufficient to normalize blood sugar.

Insulin is a hormone derived from a protein, it is necessary to administer it internally.
While she was absorbed orally, the protein would be digested before reaching the circulatory system.

People with diabetes requiring insulin treatment learn to do subcutaneous injections with a syringe into fatty tissue (thigh, for example).

There is a modern system of administration of insulin, which consists of a pump controlled by a computer programmed to provide different amounts of insulin as needed daily.

The pump contains a daily dose of insulin, in a small tank connected by a tube to a small hypodermic needle located in the abdomen, thigh or arm.

The reservoir is controlled by a miniature battery-powered computer, about as big as a small player, carried in a pocket or clipped to a belt.

Oral hypoglycemic agents belong either to the class of sulfa drugs, which stimulate insulin secretion, or that of the biguanides, which are potentiate action.

Anti-diabetic action of
Insulin, which is derived from animal sources (usually the pancreas of a pig or cow) or obtained by cloning from human insulin, is administered in a pattern that mimics the insulin secretion of about a dwarf.

Normally, an insulin level in the blood varies according to the needs of the organization.
When the level of blood sugar is high, the pancreas increases its secretion of insulin to metabolize the sugar to allow its uptake by cells.

When blood sugar is low, the pancreas reduces the secretion of insulin to allow glucose to rise.

Whenever possible, insulin reproduced the mechanism of interaction.
Many factors influencing insulin requirements: diet, physical activity, stress, and even time, diabetics must learn to control them and give their blood sugar dosage of insulin to their needs.

For some, a daily injection of long-acting insulin only.

In most cases, people with diabetes take a combination of insulin and slow.
The oral hypoglycemic sulfonylurea type stimulates insulin production by the pancreas.
Biguanides reduce the body’s resistance to insulin by potentiating the action of this hormone.

These drugs are most effective in combination with proper diet and exercise.

Side effects
The insulin dosages should be calculated carefully: an excess or deficiency can have serious side effects.
When the amount of insulin injected is too low, blood sugar becomes too high, and poorly controlled diabetes increases the risk of kidney problems, cardiovascular or other eye complications.
Too high a dose can cause a reaction, which lowers blood sugar levels dangerously (hypoglycemia).
If this reaction is not quickly countered by the absorption of sugar, the blood sugar can lead to coma and death.
The oral anti-diabetic sulfonamide type may also cause hypoglycemia, less severe than the response to insulin.
These drugs have an interaction with other sulfa antibiotics, which exacerbates the fall in blood glucose levels, exacerbating hypoglycemia.
Some oral agents have an interaction with alcohol: they cause vomiting as well as drugs administered to alcoholics in treatment of detoxification, which produce a reaction when the patient takes a drink.

Other treatments

Insulin therapy must be accompanied by a strict diet and exercise to control diabetes type I.
A good proportion of type II diabetics can be treated with weight loss and exercise.

The types of insulin

There are several kinds of insulin:

• Insulin standard, fast-acting, which peaked in effectiveness between 2 and 4 hours, has a total duration of action of 4 to 6 hours.
• The semi-slow insulin, or NPH, which starts to work after 3-4 hours, reaches its peak efficiency between 8 and 16 hours and a total duration of action from 18 to 20 or 24 hours.
• The long-acting insulin, long acting, which starts to work after 14 to 20 hours, reached its peak efficiency of 10 to 20 hours, and has a duration of action of 32 hours or more.

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An ulcer is formed due to an imbalance in this system that allows the attack of the walls by gastric acid.
The role of the ulcer is to act on the glands that produce gastric juices.
Gastric acid secretion and content of the stomach acid can be neutralized by antacid medications.

There are also substances that protect the mucosa, such as sucralfate, which is deposited as a new layer lining the wall.
Treatment should be generally followed for 4 to 6 weeks for duodenal ulcer, 6 to 8 weeks for gastric ulcer.

Often the symptoms subside before the ulcer is completely healed. It is therefore important not to discontinue treatment prematurely.

Various anti-ulcers

Antacids
They now contain salts of magnesium and aluminum. Bismuth, which causes disastrous side effects, is completely abandoned.
Antacids neutralize the acidity of gastric juice and protect the stomach lining from acid attack.

Their action on pain is relatively fast but only lasts the duration of the presence of the product in the stomach.
It is then discharged into the intestine and released with the feces.

Sucralfate
This product is a mixture of aluminum and a sugar widespread, sucrose.
When the contents of the stomach are acid, sucralfate has the ability to bind the protein on the surface of the mucosa.

It forms a layer that protects the walls against harsh acids.
Such as antacids, sucralfate has a fast enough action but limited in time.
It is used to prevent gastrointestinal side effects of anti-inflammatory.

The antiH2
It refers to as antiH2, receptor antagonists at the histamine.
These receptors in cells of the gastric mucosa increased the secretion of hydrochloric acid when stimulated by histamine, a chemical mediator of cells that are found also in allergy.
The antiH2 have revolutionized the treatment of the ulcer from marketing in 1976.

For the first time we had a drug capable of neutralizing the acid and to decrease its production.
They are administered once-daily, usually at night, at different doses in the acute or relapse prevention.
From a cost-effective unbeatable, they are the drug of basis of chronic ulcers.

Inhibitors of proton pump or IPP
PPIs act directly on the cellular mechanism of production of acid in the stomach: the proton pump glands that allow transforming a neutral hydrogen ion in acid ion.
Marketed in the early 90s, they became the standard treatment of acute exacerbations of ulcer but also disorders of the lower esophagus: reflux or reflux esophagitis.

Cure rates are excellent, with a shortened duration of the disease.
Relatively more expensive than antiH2, PPIs are not recommended as maintenance therapy when they are effective.

Prevention of recurrence
It is based in part on the drug, preferably antiH2, and the suppression of all aggressive behavior: spicy or acidic foods, alcohol and tobacco.
The latest findings confirm that the essential factor of recurrent stomach ulcer is the presence at the bottom of a germ cell specific, the helicobacter pylori.
By eradicating the germ is removed almost all recurrences.

To achieve this goal, the doctor uses a combination of three drugs for at least two weeks: PPI, an antibiotic in the penicillin group and one antibiotic with a very different group.

Side Effects
The antacid medications can cause a disorder of the bowel, diarrhea or constipation depending on the product, if taken in large doses and prolonged.
Aluminum captures the iron and phosphate, which can lead to deficiencies in the long term.

The magnesium is not indicated in patients with renal failure.
The antiH2 have side effects normally mild but very different: muscle aches, dizziness, nausea, bowel dysfunction, for example.
PPIs have few side effects but they combine well with other medicines that the doctor needs to know.

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In the next stage, the redness persists but the skin is covered with scabs that fall, leaving skin smooth and fragile.

Finally, the skin is reconstituted after a thickening of the epidermis.
Eczema comes in the form of acute exacerbations or as chronic.

Contributing factors are known the contact allergy to nickel, present in jewelry and metal watch bracelets, or household products, soap, rubber, cosmetics, fragrances and the eau de toilette…

Many cases, however, remain mysterious; no allergies can be proven.
A family plot is sometimes revealed.

What antieczemateux?
Ideally, remove all contact with irritants or allergens, but this is difficult.
The goal of treatment against eczema is to calm the itching, fight infection and reduce the reaction to the allergen.

Soothe the itch
This is done using antihistamines systemically or rarely topical.
These allergies alleviate the itching, but do not alter the skin lesions.
It also uses milk softeners and simple fats (cold cream, lard) to limit dehydration of the skin and retain its flexibility.

Prevent super infection
Super infection of eczema is a constant threat.
That’s why we use antiseptic solutions or antiseptic liquid or soap.
In some cases, secondary infection is such that the doctor prescribed an ointment antibiotic for topical application, with or without antibiotic associated systemically.
Of antifungal drugs to destroy fungal skin may also be necessary, because the blisters are broken an environment conducive to their development.

It is sometimes useful to break down the crust with a paste containing resorcinol or zinc in order to then apply the anti-infective ointments.

Fight against inflammation and allergy
This is the almost exclusive role of cortisone.
It is used locally as a cream or ointment depending on the condition of the skin, in accordance with one to three times per day depending on the product and the desired effect.
The effect is fast on the local lesions: inflammation regresses, stops itching, skin is replenished.

This is not a miracle cure: there is often a rebound effect after discontinuation of treatment, the disease reappears with a little more force than before treatment and becomes more and more difficult to treat.

You can also use cortisone systemically, orally or injections over a short period, to control an acute attack or particularly extensive.
There is also a rebound, as well as many side effects.

Treat complications
Sometimes chronic eczema is accompanied by a thickening of the stratum corneum.
It is then necessary to resort to ointments basis of resorcinol or tar to strip the surface layer.

Other treatments
Eczema is a disease of field, it is normal for therapeutic allergic to the ground to be effective.
Two of them are worth mentioning.

The homeopathy
It appears effective in familial extended or resistant to conventional therapy.
The quality of the result often depends on the care it took for the homeopath to find the contributing factors and allergens that may be responsible.

The Spa
They are also known for their efficiency.
Several resorts offer a cure for eczema, including Uri age, The Bournemouth, La Roche-Posay and Luchon.

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